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American architect (1918–1997)

Paul Rudolph

Born	(1918-ten-23)Oct 23, 1918 Elkton, Kentucky, US
Died	Baronial 8, 1997(1997-08-08) (aged 78) New York City, US
Alma mater	Auburn University Harvard Graduate Schoolhouse of Pattern
Occupation	Architect

Buildings	Yale Art and Architecture Edifice

Paul Marvin Rudolph (Oct 23, 1918 – August 8, 1997) was an American architect and the chair of Yale University's Department of Architecture for vi years, known for his utilize of reinforced concrete and highly complex flooring plans. His most famous work is the Yale Fine art and Architecture Building (A&A Building), a spatially-complex Brutalist physical structure. He is 1 of the modernist architects considered an early member of the Sarasota School of Architecture.

Early life, education, and personal life [edit]

Paul Marvin Rudolph was built-in October 23, 1918 in Elkton, Kentucky. His begetter, Keener L. Rudolph, was an itinerant Methodist preacher, and through their travels the son was exposed to the architecture of the American South. His mother, Eurye (Stone) Rudolph, had artistic interests.^[one] Rudolph also showed early talent at painting and music.^[2] ^: 26

Rudolph earned his available's degree in architecture at Auburn University (then known as Alabama Polytechnic Establish) in 1940, and so moved to the Harvard Graduate Schoolhouse of Pattern to written report with Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius.^[1] After three years, he left to serve as an officer in the United States Naval Reserve at Brooklyn Navy Yard for 3 years during WWII, working on blueprint and construction of merchant marine ships.^[ane] He then resumed studies at Harvard, where his classmates included I.M. Pei and Philip Johnson.^[ane] Rudolph was awarded his master's degree in 1947.^[1] ^[2] ^: 26

Rudolph was gay.^[3] ^[4]

Work [edit]

Sarasota, Florida [edit]

Post-obit his studies at Harvard, Rudolph moved to Sarasota, Florida, and partnered with Ralph Twitchell for 4 years, until he started his own practice in 1952. Rudolph's Sarasota time is at present part of the period labeled Sarasota School of Compages in his career.

Notable for its appearance in the 1958 book Masters of Mod Architecture, the W. R. Healy Invitee House – nicknamed "The Cocoon House" – was a one-story guest firm built in 1950 on Siesta Key, Sarasota, Florida. The roof was concave and was constructed using a built-upward spray-on process that Rudolph had seen used to cocoon disused ships during his fourth dimension in the United states Navy (hence, the house'southward nickname). In addition, Rudolph used jalousie windows, which enabled the characteristic breezes to and from Sarasota Bay to period through the house.

His first independent work, post Twitchell, was the Walker Guest House, a thin exoskeleton structure built in the sand dunes and scrub of Sanibel Island in 1953. It was Rudolph's about clearly articulated and rigorously geometric residential project in Florida.^[ii] ^: 96–100 Rudolph considered the guesthouse to exist one of his favorite projects, exhibiting pure architectural ethics suited to its environment.^[5] ^: 65 ^[ii] ^: 133

Other Sarasota landmarks by Rudolph include the Riverview High School, built in 1957 every bit his first large-calibration project. In 2006, there was a smashing deal of controversy in Sarasota when many members of the community appealed for the retention of the celebrated edifice after the decision reached by the county school board to demolish the construction. As Charles Gwathmey, the architect overseeing renovation of Art and Architecture Building at Yale, said: "Riverview High School is a fantastic paradigm of what today nosotros call green architecture. He was and then far ahead of his time, experimenting with sun screens and cantankerous-ventilation. If it's torn down, I feel desperately for architecture."^[6] However in June 2009, Riverview High School was demolished.^[7]

Some other school building design in Sarasota was Rudolph's 1960 addition to Sarasota High School, a physical structure that utilized big overhanging sunshades and "internal" yet exterior corridors with natural ventilation. This building, forth with a gymnasium structure built at the same fourth dimension, has recently undergone a renovation by the Sarasota Canton School Lath that reinstated the edifice's original exterior advent, but contains a completely new interior layout.^[8]

Yale and Brutalism [edit]

In the late 1950s, Paul Rudolph's Florida houses began to concenter attending outside of the architectural community and he started receiving commissions for larger works such as the Jewett Arts Centre (1955) at Wellesley Higher and the Blueish Cross Building (1956) in Boston.^[ane] He then took the chairmanship of the Yale Department of Architecture in 1958, shortly after designing the Yale Fine art & Compages Building. Rudolph stayed at Yale for 6 years until he returned to private exercise. He designed the Temple Street Parking Garage, also in New Oasis, in 1961.^[9]

While chair of the Department of Compages at Yale, Rudolph taught Muzharul Islam, Norman Foster, and Richard Rogers, all attending the Main's class equally scholarship students. Foster in item has noted the significant influence that Rudolph had upon him.^[3] Rudolph was invited to Bangladesh by Muzharul Islam and designed Bangladesh Agricultural University.

He worked on the Milam Residence, which was designed and synthetic between 1959 and 1961. It still stands today on Florida's eastern coast, outside Jacksonville. Here, the only dimensional control was the size of standard concrete blocks that were used (8 x 8 x 16 in), fair-faced, for structural and partition walls akin. The large blocks provide shade for the windows, assuasive the Florida home to be easily cooled. This house's seaside facade of stacked rectangles exemplifies the sculptural nature of Rudolph'south work during this flow. From within the structure, Rudolf wanted the inhabitants to locate themselves according to mood, and then the big two-story window in the living room contrasts other areas of the domicile which feel more cave-like and secluded. Rudolph'due south fascination with European Modernism and the neo-Classical theory made this a hard edifice to construct. Rudolph had to bear witness business organisation for multiple influences equally well as his own style. At the fourth dimension, Rudolph was working independently and would later become an icon in European Modernism.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 1958, Rudolph was commissioned to create a master plan for Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama. He later collaborated with graduates of Tuskegee's architecture school on the design of a new chapel building, completed in 1969.

He also designed the Endo Pharmaceuticals Building (1964), the Dana Arts Center (1969) at Colgate University, the Boston Government Service Heart (1971), First Church in Boston (1972), and the Burroughs Wellcome headquarters (1972, demolished 2021) in North Carolina.^[10]

The principal campus of Academy of Massachusetts Dartmouth (originally known every bit Southeastern Massachusetts Technological Institute, and later as the Southeastern Massachusetts Academy) was a standing focus of his work. His association started in 1963, and continued in various capacities through the 1980s. He personally designed several buildings, but his overall architectural vision guided the development of the entire campus for decades.^[11]

His Shoreline apartments in Buffalo, completed in 1974, were pioneering low income housing, designed as part of a larger masterplan for the city'southward waterfront that was never completed.^[12]

After years [edit]

Rudolph left Yale in 1965, and his career had declined gradually during the 1970s.^[1] While the Brutalist fashion brutal out of favor in the U.s.a. during the 1970s,^[13] Rudolph's work evolved, and he became more successful with international projects.^[i]

In a departure from his monolithic concrete works, Rudolph designed cogitating glass office towers such as the City Center Towers in Fort Worth, Texas. Rudolph continued working on projects in Singapore, where he designed The Concourse office belfry with its ribbon windows and interweaving floors, as well as projects in other Asian countries through the last years of his life. The Lippo Centre, completed in 1987, is located nigh Admiralty station of MTR in Hong Kong, and is a culmination of Rudolph'southward ideas in reflective glass. In Indonesia, Rudolph-designed buildings tin be found in Jakarta (Wisma Dharmala Sakti) and Surabaya (Wisma Dharmala Sakti 2).

His personal residence at 23 Beekman Place on the Lower East Side of Manhattan became internationally famous. Over the years, he built an idiosyncratic outside addition, and modified the interior with multiple levels and his own flair for ornamentation and display of fine art.^[ane]

Death and legacy [edit]

Rudolph'southward terminal years were shadowed by cancer, which ravaged his body.^[1] He died on Baronial viii, 1997, at the age of seventy-eight in New York City from peritoneal mesothelioma, a disease primarily associated with asbestos.^[14] It is believed that during his work at the Brooklyn Navy Chiliad during WWII, he and many other workers were exposed to loftier levels of asbestos contamination.^[1]

Paul Rudolph donated his personal archive,^[fifteen] spanning his entire career, to the Library of Congress, besides as donating all intellectual property rights to the American people. His heritance also helped to establish the Center for Architecture, Blueprint, and Engineering science^[16] at the Library of Congress.

The Paul Rudolph Penthouse & Apartments (1977–82), at 23 Beekman Place in Manhattan, was designated a New York Urban center Landmark in 2010.^[17]

The John and Alice Fullam Firm is an obscure commission designed in 1957, and built in 1959. It was never published in the Rudolph portfolio at the request of the owners, John and Alice Fullam. In 2004, when they were contemplating moving, the owners became concerned over preservation of the house, reading that many Rudolph buildings were being destroyed. In 2007, the residence was sold to preservationist owners who did a major restoration addressing many of the modern code issues. In 2017 the 3rd bay of the structure, office of the original 1957 design, was completed.^[18]

Notable designs [edit]

Revere Quality Firm (1948)
Healy Guest House (1950, as partner with Ralph Twitchell)
Hiss Residence (1952)
Sanderling Beach Club (1952)
Walker Guest House (1953)
Jewett Arts Center at Wellesley College (1955)
Blue Cross-Bluish Shield Headquarters in Boston (1956)
John and Alice Fullam House (1957)
Riverview High School (1957)
Yale Fine art & Architecture Building (1958)
Tuskegee Institute chief plan (1958)
Sarasota High Schoolhouse addition (1960)
Milam Residence (1961)
Boston Government Service Centre (1962)
Crawford Manor (1962)
Endo Pharmaceuticals Building (1962)
Orange County Government Center (1963)
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth campus (1963-1980s)
J. West. Chorley Simple School (1964)
Bass Residence (1966)
Tuskegee University Chapel (1969)
Dana Arts Center at Colgate University (1969)
First Church in Boston (1972)
Claire T. Carney Library (1972)
Burroughs Wellcome headquarters (1972)
Louis Micheels Firm (1972)
Tracey Towers (1972)
Niagara Falls Public Library (1974)
23 Beekman Place renovations and penthouse (1977)
City Center Towers Complex (1980s)
The Concourse redesign (1987)
Lippo Centre (1987)
Modulightor Building (1989)

Gallery [edit]

Tuskegee University Chapel (1969)

See besides [edit]

Spaces: The Architecture of Paul Rudolph

References [edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^east ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^chiliad "Introduction". Paul Rudolph & His Architecture. Academy of Massachusetts Dartmouth Library. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Male monarch, Joseph, and Domin, Christopher (2002). Paul Rudolph: The Florida Houses. New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN9781568982663.
^ ^a ^b Sudjic, Deyan (2010). Norman Foster: A Life in Architecture. Overlook Press. ISBN9781468302769.
^ David Colman (October 2011). "Master Architect: Architect Paul Rudolph'due south career was every bit dramatic as his buildings". Elle Decor. "Other issues contributed to Rudolph'south loss of status: the rise of postmodernism, which he hated; the finish of enthusiasm for the ambitious government buildings he loved; the fact that he was gay in a predominantly direct industry."
^ Howey, John (1995). The Sarasota School of Architecture : 1941–1966. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN978-0262082402.
^ "Time Is Running Out for a Celebrated Building" by David Hay, page A19, June 21, 2008 The New York Times.
^ "Rudolph'southward Riverview Loftier School Demolished," [1] DoCoMoMo (International working party for documentation and conservation of building sites and neighborhoods of the mod movement), July 11, 2009.
^ Rehab would alter Sarasota High's open-air interior by Harold Bubil February 8, 2013 Herald-Tribune
^ New Haven Preservation Trust. "Temple Street Garage, 21 Temple Street". New Haven Modern Architecture.
^ Cummings, Alex Sayf (June 13, 2016). "Into the Spaceship: A Visit to the Old Burroughs Wellcome Building". Tropics of Meta historiography for the masses . Retrieved November 25, 2019.
^ "Introduction of Paul Rudolph Projects at SMTI/UMD". Paul Rudolph & His Architecture. University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Library. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
^ Miller, Nick (November 5, 2013). "Five Paul Rudolph Buildings Nether Threat in Buffalo". Architects Newspaper.
^ "Architects: Brutalism". Circa Design.
^ Muschamp, Herbert (August 9, 1997). "Paul Rudolph Is Dead at 78; Modernist Architect of the 60's". The New York Times . Retrieved January eight, 2019.
^ Paul Rudolph Archive. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division
^ Heart for Architecture, Design, and Engineering. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Segmentation
^ "2390.pdf" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 9, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
^ Squier, Anna (May eleven, 2018). "A Paul Rudolph-Designed Midcentury Is Rescued From Obscurity and Finally Completed". Dwell . Retrieved April 13, 2019.

Bibliography [edit]

Bell, Eugenia (2019). Paul Rudolph: Inspiration and Procedure in Architecture. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN9781616898656.
Rohan, Timothy M. (2014). The Compages of Paul Rudolph. Yale University Press. ISBN978-0300149395.
De Alba, Roberto (2003). Paul Rudolph: The Late Piece of work. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBNane-56898-401-iv.
Domin, Christopher; Rex, Joseph (2005). Paul Rudolph: The Florida Houses. Princeton Architectural Printing. ISBN1-56898-551-7.
Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl (1970). The Architecture of Paul Rudolph. Praeger. ISBN0-500-09057-two.
Monk, Tony (1999). The Art and Architecture of Paul Rudolph. Wiley-Academy. ISBN0-471-99778-1.
Mottalini, Chris (2013). After You lot Left They Took Information technology Autonomously: Demolished Paul Rudolph Homes (1st ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Columbia College Chicago Press. ISBN978-1-935195-45-0.